Showing posts with label ACIDS AND BASES. Show all posts
Showing posts with label ACIDS AND BASES. Show all posts
Saturday, December 25, 2021
What acid in graps?
Tartaric acid, Citric acid and Malic acid are major acids present in grape juice. The distinctive taste of grape juice is due to presence of tartaric acid.
Sunday, August 15, 2021
Oxy acids of Sulphur:
Oxidation state of sulphur atom and respective oxy-acids:
Oxidation state | Series name | Prefix of acid | Name of acids |
(+2) | “us”series | Hypo | Hyposulphurous acid |
(+4) | “us”series | ……. | Sulphurous acid |
(+5) | “ic”series | Hypo | Hyposulphuric acid |
(+6) | “ic”series | ……. | Sulphuric acid |
(+7)/(+8)Cal/ava | “ic”series | Peroxy | Peroxysulphuric acid |
Important Note:
(1) Ortho and meta form of sulphurous and sulphuric acid not exist but both have pyro form only.
(2) Hyposulphurous acid start thionous series and while hyposulphuric acid start thionic series;
(1) Sulphurous Series:
(A) Sulphurous acid:
(B) Hyposulphurous acid(H2SO2/S(OH)2):
(C) Thiosulphurous acid(H2S2O2):
(D) Pyrosulphurous acid(H2S2O5=H2SO3+SO2):
(2) Sulphuric acid series:
(A) Sulphuric acid(H2SO4):
(B) Pyrosulphuric acid(H2S2O7=H2SO4+SO3): Oleum:
(C) Peroxomonosulphuric acid(H2SO5):Caro’s acid:
(D) Peroxodisulphuric acid(H2S2O8): Marshall’s acid:
(3) Thionous acid series
(4) Thionic acid series:
(A) Dithionic acid(H2S2O6):
(B) Trithionic acid (H2S3O6):
(C) Tetrathionic acid(H2S4O6):
Related Topics:
(2) What are "Ortho" or "Meta" oxyacids?
(3) What are "pyro" oxy acids?
(6) Prefix “Hypo-acids”, and “Per-acids”:
Related Questions:
(1) What is Use of Boric Acid?
(2) What is use of Orthoboric acids?
(3) What is basicity of "Boric acid" ?
(4) Why Boric acid exist in solid state ?
(5) What is structure of solid Ortho Boric acid ?
(6) What is effect of heat on Borax?
(7) What is the structure of trimetaboric acid and trimetaborate ion?
(8) What is the Sodium per borate ,give the structure and its uses?
(9) Why aqueous solution of borax reacts with two moles of acids ?
(10) What is the molecular formula of Borax ?
(11) Why Boric acid become strong acid in the presence of cis 1,2-diol or 1,3-diol ?
(12) Why Borazine is more reactive than benzene towards Electrophic Aromatic substitution reactions ?
(13) Why Borazine (B3N3H6) is also known as inorganic benzene ?.
Sunday, July 25, 2021
Oxy-acids of Phosphorous:
Oxy acids of Phosphorous:
On the basis of oxidation state oxidation state of phosphorous atom oxy-acid acid of phosphorous divided into to series;
(1)
Phosphorous series of acids have (+3) oxidation state and which are reducing
agents.
(2) Phosphoric series of acids have (+5) oxidation state and which are oxidizing agents.
Oxidation
state of phosphorous atom and respective oxy-acids:
|
Oxidation
state |
Series name |
Prefix
of acid |
Name
of acids |
|
(+1) |
“us”series |
Hypo |
Hypophosphorous acid |
|
(+3) |
“us”series |
……. |
Phosphorous acid |
|
(+4) |
“ic”series |
Hypo |
Hypophosphoric acid |
|
(+5) |
“ic”series |
……. |
Phosphoric acid |
|
(+7)/(+6)Cal/ava |
“ic”series |
Per |
Perphosphoric acid |
“Phosphorous
and phosphoric acid both exist in ortho, pyro and meta form”
Common
structure of oxy-acid of phosphorous:
All the phosphorous
acid out four valency must have one
(P=O) group by Ppi-Ppi bond and one (-OH) group and rest of two valency may be satisfied
by P-(H) atoms of P-(OH) group depending upon acids. Where hydrogen of (OH)
groups are ionizable and reponsible for acidic character while hydrogen of
P-(H) bond non ionizable and responsible for reducing character of acid and non
acidic.
(1) Phosphorous series:
(A) Hypophosphorus acid (H3PO2): is a monobasic acid and its neutral salt is NaH2PO2.
There is two hydrogen atoms directly attach with phosphorous atom which are non
ionazable and non polar and responsible for its reducing character and one
hydrgen atom attach with oxygen atom and ionizable and polar and also
reponsible for acidic character and its basicity is one.
(B) Phosphorus acid (H3PO3): is a dibasic acid and it have two salts one is neutral salt (Na2HPO2) and
another is acidic salt (NaH2PO3).There is one hydrogen
atoms directly attach with phosphorous atom which are non ionazable and non
polar and responsible for its reducing character and two hydrgen atom attach
with oxygen atom and ionizable and polar and also reponsible for acidic
character and its basicity is two.
(C) Pyrophophorous acid(H4P2O5):
(2) Phosphoric series:
(A) Phosphoric acid (H3PO4): is a tribasic acid and it have three salts in which one
is neutral salt (Na3PO4) and another two are acidic salt (NaH2PO3)
and (Na2HPO4).There are all three hydrgen atoms attach
with oxygen atom and ionizable and polar and also reponsible for acidic
character and hence its basicity is (3) three. And it is highly viscous in
nature due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding in it.
(B)
Pyrophosphoric acid(H4P2O7):
(C) Hypophosphoric acid(H4P2O6):
(D)Meta phosphoric acids (HPO3)n: where
n=3,4,5,6….. and their salts always exist in dimeric,
trimeric, tetrameric or in polymeric linear as well as cyclic form, not
in monomeric form due to the presence of weak (2p-3d- pi bond) bond the sodium
salts of trimer and hexamer is very famous salts.
For example (1); H6P4O13 (4P+6OH+4O+3O(oxylinkage)
For example (2); H3P3O9
(3P+3OH+3O+3O(oxy-linkage):
For example (3); H4P4O12 {4P+4OH+4O+4O(oxy-linkage)}:
For example (4); H6P6O18 {4P+6OH+6O+6O(oxy-linkage)}:
Hexamer
of meta phosphoric acid exist as sodium salt which is called sodium metaphophate or sodium polymetaphosphate and
it is commercially known as "CALGON" and use as water softener.
Related topics:
What are "Ortho" or "Meta" oxyacids?
Oxy acids of Nitrogen:
Oxy acids of Sulphure:
Saturday, July 24, 2021
Why Sulphuric acid is more acidic than selenic acid?
Acidic strength of oxyacids H2SO4 and H2SeO4. Sulphur and Selenium belong to group sixteen in the periodic table. Sulphur is more electronegative the selenium and can polarize and weaken the O-H bond to a greater extent than selenium in their oxyacids, making sulphuric acid a stronger acid.
OXY ACIDS:
What are "Ortho" or "Meta" oxyacids?
Oxy acids of Nitrogen:
Oxy acids of Sulphure:
Related Questions:
What is use of Orthoboric acids?
What is basicity of "Boric acid" ?
Why Boric acid exist in solid state ?
What is structure of solid Ortho Boric acid ?
What is effect of heat on Borax?
What is the structure of trimetaboric acid and trimetaborate ion?
What is the Sodium per borate ,give the structure and its uses?
Why aqueous solution of borax reacts with two moles of acids ?
What is the molecular formula of Borax ?
Why Boric acid become strong acid in the presence of cis 1,2-diol or 1,3-diol ?
Why Borazine is more reactive than benzene towards Electrophic Aromatic substitution reactions ?
Sunday, June 27, 2021
Fluorine form only one oxoacid while other halogens form several oxoacids why?
Fluorine can not expand it's octed so form one oxy acid HOF. The other halogens form several oxocids. Most of then can not be isolated in pure state. They are stable only in aqueous solution or in the form of their salts.
Related Questions:
What is use of Orthoboric acids?
What is basicity of "Boric acid" ?
Why Boric acid exist in solid state ?
What is structure of solid Ortho Boric acid ?
What is effect of heat on Borax?
What is the structure of trimetaboric acid and trimetaborate ion?
What is the Sodium per borate ,give the structure and its uses?
Why aqueous solution of borax reacts with two moles of acids ?
What is the molecular formula of Borax ?
Why Boric acid become strong acid in the presence of cis 1,2-diol or 1,3-diol ?
Why Borazine is more reactive than benzene towards Electrophic Aromatic substitution reactions ?
Tuesday, May 4, 2021
Acid base theories (Concepts):
Characters of acids:
(1) acids convert blue litmus to red and methyl orange indicator
to red .
(2) Sour in taste.
(3) It liberate hydrogen gas with active metals.
(4) Acids neutralized the effect of base
(5) acids increases the conduction of water.
Characters of bases:
(1) bases convert the red litmus to blue and methyl orange indicator to
yellow.
(2) Phenylphthlene indicator (white) to pink.
(3) Bitter in taste and soapy in touch.
(4) Bases neutralised the effect of acid.
(5) They increases conductance of water.
Acid base concepts:
(1) Arrhenius acid base concept:
(2) Bronsted Lowery acid base concept:
(3) Lewis acid base concept:
(4) The Solvent System (Self or Auto Ionization of Solvent):
(5) The Lux-Flood Acids-base concept:
(6) The Usanovich Acid-base concept:
OXY ACIDS:
(2) What are
"Ortho" or "Meta" oxyacids?
(3) What are "pyro" oxy acids?
(3) Oxy acids of Nitrogen:
Related Questions:
(1) What is Use of Boric Acid?
(2) What is use of Orthoboric acids?
(3) What is basicity of "Boric acid" ?
(4) Why Boric acid exist in solid state ?
(5) What is structure of solid Ortho Boric acid ?
(6) What is effect of heat on Borax?
(7) What is the structure of trimetaboric acid and trimetaborate ion?
(8) What is the Sodium per borate ,give the structure and its uses?
(9) Why aqueous solution of borax reacts with two moles of acids ?
(10) What is the molecular formula of Borax ?
(11) Why Boric acid become strong acid in the presence of cis 1,2-diol or 1,3-diol ?
(12) Why Borazine is more reactive than benzene towards Electrophic Aromatic substitution reactions ?
(13) Why Borazine (B3N3H6) is also known as inorganic benzene ?.
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