How to calculate percentage (%) ionic character in covalent compounds?

 Henry & Smith equation:

The percentage ionic character in covalent compound arises due to the electronegative difference of bonding atoms. And percentage ionic character of covalent bond calculates by Henry and Smith equation;

Solved Questions:

(2) A given compound AB whose electronegative difference is 1.9 . Atomic radius of A and B are 4 and 2 Angstroms the distance between A and B means dA-B is ?

(2) The C–C single bond length is 1.54 Angstroms and that of Cl–Cl is 1.98 Angstroms. If the electronegativity of Cl and C are 3.0 and 2.5 respectively, the C–Cl bond-length will be equal to ?

Related Questions:

(1) What are the Amphoteric metals ? gives Examples.

(2) Name of total metalloids present in periodic table ?

(3) Total numbers of elements which are liquid at normal temperature is ?

(4) What is Mendeleev's periodic table ? give important features and draw back of Mendeleev's table.

(5) What is atomic density ? give the periodicity of atomic density in periods and groups.

(6) What is atomic volume ? and what is periodicity of atomic volume in groups and periods ?

(7) Why there are 2, 8 and 8 elements in first, second and third periodic of periods table respectively ? Explain.

(8) In alkali metal group which is the strongest reducing agent in aqueous solution and why?

(9) The electron affinity of sulphur is greater than oxygen. Why?

(10) The first ionization energy of carbon atom is greater than that of boron atom, whereas reverse is true for the second ionization energy. Explain.

Stevenson & Schromaker Equation: Determination covalent radius of Heterogeneous Molecules.

 Stevenson & Schromaker Equation:

Covalent radius of heterogeneous molecule like A-B etc determine by Stevenson & Schromaker Equation, if atoms are formed different type of covalent bond i.e. on atom is more electronegative than the other combined atom. Then the covalent radius is calculated by the relation given by Stevenson & Schromaker, given as:

For a diatomic Hetero molecule:

Bond Length (l_A-B) = r_A + r_B- 0.09(X_A-X_B)

Where X_A= Electronegativity of more electronegative atom

Where X_B= Electronegativity of less electronegative atom

Solved Questions:

(2) A given compound AB whose electronegative difference is 1.9 . Atomic radius of A and B are 4 and 2 Angstroms the distance between A and B means dA-B is ?

(2) The C–C single bond length is 1.54 Angstroms and that of Cl–Cl is 1.98 Angstroms. If the electronegativity of Cl and C are 3.0 and 2.5 respectively, the C–Cl bond-length will be equal to ?

Related Questions:

(1) What are the Amphoteric metals ? gives Examples.

(2) Name of total metalloids present in periodic table ?

(3) Total numbers of elements which are liquid at normal temperature is ?

(4) What is Mendeleev's periodic table ? give important features and draw back of Mendeleev's table.

(5) What is atomic density ? give the periodicity of atomic density in periods and groups.

(6) What is atomic volume ? and what is periodicity of atomic volume in groups and periods ?

(7) Why there are 2, 8 and 8 elements in first, second and third periodic of periods table respectively ? Explain.

(8) In alkali metal group which is the strongest reducing agent in aqueous solution and why?

(9) The electron affinity of sulphur is greater than oxygen. Why?

(10) The first ionization energy of carbon atom is greater than that of boron atom, whereas reverse is true for the second ionization energy. Explain.

(11) The electronegativities of B, Al, Ga are 2.0, 1.5, 1.6 respectively. The trend is not regular. Explain.

(12) Li2CO3 decomposes on heating but other alkali metal carbonates don’t. Explain.

(13) Of all noble metals, gold has got a relatively high electron affinity. Explain.

(14 Ionization energy of Boron is smaller than Beryllium even though effective nuclear charge is higher?

(15) What are the increasing order of ioni radii of first group elements in water ?

(16) What are the increasing order of molar conductivity of first group elements in water ?

A given compound AB whose electronegative difference is 1.9 . Atomic radius of A and B are 4 and 2 Angstroms the distance between A and B means dA-B is

 For a diatomic Hetero molecule:

 Bond Length (l) = r_A + r_B- 0.09(X_A-X_B)

Where X_A= Electronegativity of more electronegative atom

Where X_B= Electronegativity of less electronegative atom

Related Questions:

(1) What are the Amphoteric metals ? gives Examples.

(2) Name of total metalloids present in periodic table ?

(3) Total numbers of elements which are liquid at normal temperature is ?

(4) What is Mendeleev's periodic table ? give important features and draw back of Mendeleev's table.

(5) What is atomic density ? give the periodicity of atomic density in periods and groups.

(6) What is atomic volume ? and what is periodicity of atomic volume in groups and periods ?

(7) Why there are 2, 8 and 8 elements in first, second and third periodic of periods table respectively ? Explain.

(8) In alkali metal group which is the strongest reducing agent in aqueous solution and why?

(9) The electron affinity of sulphur is greater than oxygen. Why?

(10) The first ionization energy of carbon atom is greater than that of boron atom, whereas reverse is true for the second ionization energy. Explain.

(11) The electronegativities of B, Al, Ga are 2.0, 1.5, 1.6 respectively. The trend is not regular. Explain.

(12) Li2CO3 decomposes on heating but other alkali metal carbonates don’t. Explain.

(13) Of all noble metals, gold has got a relatively high electron affinity. Explain.

(14 Ionization energy of Boron is smaller than Beryllium even though effective nuclear charge is higher?

(15) What are the increasing order of ioni radii of first group elements in water ?

(16) What are the increasing order of molar conductivity of first group elements in water ?

The C–C single bond length is 1.54 Angstroms and that of Cl–Cl is 1.98 Angstroms. If the electronegativity of Cl and C are 3.0 and 2.5 respectively, the C–Cl bond-length will be equal to

For a diatomic Hetero molecule:

Bond Length (l) = r_A + r_B- 0.09(X_A-X_B)

Where XA= Electronegativity of more electronegative atom

Where XB= Electronegativity of less electronegative atom

Related Questions:

(1) What are the Amphoteric metals ? gives Examples.

(2) Name of total metalloids present in periodic table ?

(3) Total numbers of elements which are liquid at normal temperature is ?

(4) What is Mendeleev's periodic table ? give important features and draw back of Mendeleev's table.

(5) What is atomic density ? give the periodicity of atomic density in periods and groups.

(6) What is atomic volume ? and what is periodicity of atomic volume in groups and periods ?

(7) Why there are 2, 8 and 8 elements in first, second and third periodic of periods table respectively ? Explain.

(8) In alkali metal group which is the strongest reducing agent in aqueous solution and why?

(9) The electron affinity of sulphur is greater than oxygen. Why?

(10) The first ionization energy of carbon atom is greater than that of boron atom, whereas reverse is true for the second ionization energy. Explain.

(11) The electronegativities of B, Al, Ga are 2.0, 1.5, 1.6 respectively. The trend is not regular. Explain.

(12) Li2CO3 decomposes on heating but other alkali metal carbonates don’t. Explain.

(13) Of all noble metals, gold has got a relatively high electron affinity. Explain.

(14 Ionization energy of Boron is smaller than Beryllium even though effective nuclear charge is higher?

(15) What are the increasing order of ioni radii of first group elements in water ?

(16) What are the increasing order of molar conductivity of first group elements in water ?

What is the "de Broglie equation" or How can derived "de Broglie equation" or What is the "Wave –Particle Duality" ?

Wave –Particle Duality, Dual Nature of Electron:

Bohr’s and Sommerfield proposed that angular momentum in closed orbit is “Quantized” but they could not derived mathematically.

Derivation of this fact was made by Loius de Broglie in 1924 assuming the dual nature of electron i.e. particle as well as wave nature of electron. This proposal gave birth of a new theory known as “ Wave Mechanical theory of matter”

Loius de Broglie was suggested that a particle in motion also behaves like a wave. The wave length associated with the moving particle is given by the following equation,

Where

 h = Planck’s constant,

 m = mass of the moving particle,

v = velocity of the particle.

This above equation (1) is known as de Broglie equation. De Broglie equation was derived on the basis of Einstein’s equation, E = mc² and Planck’s equation E = hv. From both of these relation,

                Where p is the momentum of the moving particle.

(1) The wave length associated with a particle in motion is inversely proportional to its momentum.

(2) As the mass of the moving particle increases, the momentum also increases; the wave length of the matter wave (associated with the matter in motion) decreases.

(3) For the particles of finite size, i.e., having appreciable mass, the momentum is very high,  is very small and it can be said that macroscopic bodies in motion do not possess matter waves.

(4) When different particles move with the same velocity, the wave length of the matter wave is inversely proportional to the mass of the particle.

Related Questions:

(1) Show that circumference of the Bohr orbit for hydrogen atom is an integral multiple of the de Broglie wavelength associated with the electron revolving about that orbit.

(2) Why does a moving cricket ball not show wave like nature?

(3) Calculate the speed and de Broglie wavelength of an electron that has been accelerated by a potential difference of 500 V.

(4) The de Broglie wave length of an alpha particle is 6.28 × 10^–15m. Calculate the velocity of the alpha particle (mp = 1.672 × 10^–27kg, mn = 1.675 × 10^–27 kg).

(5) What is the de Broglie wave length associated with a proton moving with 25% of the velocity of light?

Solved Questions:

(1) Calculate the energy per mole of photon of electromagnetic radiations of wavelength 4000Å.

(2) Suppose 10–17 J of light energy is needed by the interior of the human eye to see an object. How many photons of green light (wavelength =550 nm) are needed to generate this minimum amount of energy?

(3) A bulb emits light of wave length 4500Å. The bulb is rated as 150 watt and 8% of the energy is emitted as light. How many photons are emitted by the bulb per second?