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Showing posts with label ACIDS AND BASES. Show all posts
Showing posts with label ACIDS AND BASES. Show all posts

Saturday, December 25, 2021

What acid in graps?

Tartaric acid, Citric acid and Malic acid are major acids present in grape juice. The distinctive taste of grape juice is due to presence of tartaric acid.
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Sunday, August 15, 2021

Oxy acids of Sulphur:

 Oxidation state of sulphur atom and respective oxy-acids:

Oxidation state

 Series name

Prefix of acid

Name of acids

(+2)

“us”series

Hypo

Hyposulphurous acid

(+4)

“us”series

…….

Sulphurous acid

(+5)

“ic”series

Hypo

Hyposulphuric acid

(+6)

“ic”series

…….

Sulphuric acid

(+7)/(+8)Cal/ava

“ic”series

Peroxy

Peroxysulphuric acid

Important Note:

(1) Ortho and meta form of sulphurous and sulphuric acid not exist but both have pyro form only.

(2) Hyposulphurous acid start thionous series and while hyposulphuric acid start thionic series;

(1) Sulphurous Series:

(A) Sulphurous acid:

(B) Hyposulphurous acid(H2SO2/S(OH)2):

(C) Thiosulphurous acid(H2S2O2):

(D) Pyrosulphurous acid(H2S2O5=H2SO3+SO2):

(2) Sulphuric acid series:

(A) Sulphuric acid(H2SO4):

(B) Pyrosulphuric acid(H2S2O7=H2SO4+SO3): Oleum:

(C) Peroxomonosulphuric acid(H2SO5):Caro’s acid:

(D) Peroxodisulphuric acid(H2S2O8): Marshall’s acid:

(3) Thionous acid series

(4) Thionic acid series:

(A) Dithionic acid(H2S2O6):

(B) Trithionic acid (H2S3O6):

(C) Tetrathionic acid(H2S4O6):

Related Topics:

(1) What are the oxy-acids?

(2) What are "Ortho" or "Meta" oxyacids?

(3) What are "pyro" oxy acids?

(6) Prefix “Hypo-acids”, and “Per-acids”:


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Sunday, July 25, 2021

Oxy-acids of Phosphorous:

Oxy acids of Phosphorous:

On the basis of oxidation state oxidation state of phosphorous atom oxy-acid acid of phosphorous divided into to series;

(1) Phosphorous series of acids have (+3) oxidation state and which are reducing agents.

(2) Phosphoric series of acids have (+5) oxidation state and which are oxidizing agents.

Oxidation state of phosphorous atom and respective oxy-acids:

Oxidation state

 Series name

Prefix of acid

Name of acids

(+1)

“us”series

Hypo

Hypophosphorous acid

(+3)

“us”series

…….

Phosphorous acid

(+4)

“ic”series

Hypo

Hypophosphoric acid

(+5)

“ic”series

…….

Phosphoric acid

(+7)/(+6)Cal/ava

“ic”series

Per

Perphosphoric acid

“Phosphorous and phosphoric acid both exist in ortho, pyro and meta form”

Common structure of oxy-acid of phosphorous:

All the phosphorous acid  out four valency must have one (P=O) group by Ppi-Ppi bond and one (-OH) group and rest of two valency may be satisfied by P-(H) atoms of P-(OH) group depending upon acids. Where hydrogen of (OH) groups are ionizable and reponsible for acidic character while hydrogen of P-(H) bond non ionizable and responsible for reducing character of acid and non acidic.

(1) Phosphorous series:

(A) Hypophosphorus acid (H3PO2): is a monobasic acid and its neutral salt is NaH2PO2. There is two hydrogen atoms directly attach with phosphorous atom which are non ionazable and non polar and responsible for its reducing character and one hydrgen atom attach with oxygen atom and ionizable and polar and also reponsible for acidic character and its basicity is one.

(B) Phosphorus acid (H3PO3): is a dibasic acid and it have two salts one is   neutral salt (Na2HPO2) and another is acidic salt (NaH2PO3).There is one hydrogen atoms directly attach with phosphorous atom which are non ionazable and non polar and responsible for its reducing character and two hydrgen atom attach with oxygen atom and ionizable and polar and also reponsible for acidic character and its basicity is two.

(C) Pyrophophorous acid(H4P2O5):

(2) Phosphoric series:

(A) Phosphoric acid (H3PO4): is a tribasic acid and it have three salts in which one is neutral salt (Na3PO4) and another  two are acidic salt (NaH2PO3) and (Na2HPO4).There are all three hydrgen atoms attach with oxygen atom and ionizable and polar and also reponsible for acidic character and hence its basicity is (3) three. And it is highly viscous in nature due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding in it.

(B) Pyrophosphoric acid(H4P2O7):

(C) Hypophosphoric acid(H4P2O6):

(D)Meta phosphoric acids (HPO3)n: where n=3,4,5,6….. and their salts always exist in dimeric, trimeric, tetrameric or in polymeric linear as well as cyclic form, not in monomeric form due to the presence of weak (2p-3d- pi bond) bond the sodium salts of trimer and hexamer is very famous salts.

For example (1); H6P4O13   (4P+6OH+4O+3O(oxylinkage)

For example (2); H3P3O9   (3P+3OH+3O+3O(oxy-linkage):

For example (3); H4P4O12   {4P+4OH+4O+4O(oxy-linkage)}:

For example (4); H6P6O18   {4P+6OH+6O+6O(oxy-linkage)}:

Hexamer of meta phosphoric acid exist as sodium salt which is called sodium metaphophate or sodium polymetaphosphate and it is commercially  known as "CALGON" and use as water softener.

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Saturday, July 24, 2021

Why Sulphuric acid is more acidic than selenic acid?

Acidic strength of oxyacids H2SO4 and H2SeO4. Sulphur and Selenium belong to group sixteen in the periodic table. Sulphur is more electronegative the selenium and can polarize and weaken the O-H bond to a greater extent than selenium in their oxyacids, making sulphuric acid a stronger acid.

OXY ACIDS:


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Sunday, June 27, 2021

Fluorine form only one oxoacid while other halogens form several oxoacids why?

Fluorine can not expand it's octed so form one oxy acid HOF. The other halogens form several oxocids. Most of then can not be isolated in pure state. They are stable only in aqueous solution or in the form of their salts.

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Tuesday, May 4, 2021

Acid base theories (Concepts):

Characters of acids:

(1) acids convert blue litmus to red and methyl orange  indicator to  red .
(2) Sour in taste.
(3) It liberate hydrogen gas with active metals.
(4) Acids neutralized the effect of base 
(5) acids increases the conduction of water.

Characters of bases:

(1) bases convert the red litmus to blue and methyl orange indicator to yellow.
(2) Phenylphthlene indicator (white) to pink.
(3) Bitter in taste and soapy in touch.
(4) Bases neutralised the effect of acid.
(5) They increases conductance of water.

Acid base concepts:

(1) Arrhenius acid base concept:


(2) Bronsted Lowery acid base concept:


(3) Lewis acid base concept:


(4) The Solvent System (Self or Auto Ionization of Solvent):


(5) The Lux-Flood Acids-base concept:


(6) The Usanovich Acid-base concept:


OXY ACIDS:


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