Structure of Black phosphorus:

(1) Black phosphorous  is thermodynamically most stable allotropes of phosphorous.

(2) It exist in the form of hexagonal layers like graphite.

(3) It is less reactive and has maximum density.

(4) It is conductor of electricity like graphite.

(5) It has two form alpha Black phosphorous and Beta Black phosphorous.

(6) Alpha Black phosphorous is formed when red phosphorous is heated in a sealed tube at 803 K. It can be sublimed in air and has opaque Monoclinic or rhombohedral crystal. It does not oxidized in air.

(7) Black phosphorous exist as solid of high density.

(8) The order of stability:

                         Black (P) > Red (P) > White (P)

Related Questions:

What is structure of (HPO3) metaphosphoric acid?

Why Meta Phosphoric acid always exit in a polymeric form?

What are the structural difference between oxides ( P4O6 and P4O10) of phosphorous?

What are common structural features of oxides (P4O6 and P4O10) of phosphorous?

What are the explanation of Different Bond length and Bond Angle In P4O6 and P4O10 :

What is "calgon" ? Give structure and its uses?

Structure of Oxy acids of Phosphorous:

What is structure of (HPO3) metaphosphoric acid?

What is metaphophoric (HPO3)? 

Why polarity of Ammonia (NH3) is more than NF3 ?

Why is nitrous oxide (N2O) used as an anaesthetic in dentistry?

Which is more basic N(CH3)3 or N(SiH3)3 , explain?

Trisilyl amine, N(SiH3)3 is planar whereas trimethyl amines N(CH3)3 is pyramidal. Explain why?.

What are heating effect of primary, secondary and tertiary salt of sodium phosphate?

NaH₂PO₄ (Primary phosphate) on heating undergo polymerization and form a stable hexamer salt (sodiummetaphosphate) which known as “CALGON” which also use as  water softener. And  Na₂HPO₄ (Secondary phosphate) on heating dimerised to form Sodium pyrophosphate  while no effect on (Na₃PO4 )tertiary phosphate.

Related Questions:

Which is more basic N(CH3)3 or N(SiH3)3 , explain?

Are all the five bonds of PCl5 equivalent? Justify your answer.

Trisilyl amine, N(SiH3)3 is planar whereas trimethyl amines N(CH3)3 is pyramidal. Explain why?.

What are common structural features of oxides (P4O6 and P4O5) of phosphorous?

What are the structural difference between oxides ( P4O6 and P4O10) of phosphorous?

What are abnormal behaviour of Nitrogen atom as compared to other family members?

What is product obtained when N2O5 is treated with NaCl?

What is metaphophoric (HPO3)?

Phosphorus can form PCl5 but nitrogen can not form NCl5 why?

Why PCl3 hydrolysed while NCl3 can not be hydrolysed? 

Why bond angle of hydrides of group 15, decreases down the group?

What is "calgon" ? Give structure and its uses?

Why nitrogen shows catenation properties less than phosphorus?

Why Nitrogen is fairly inert gas?

Why Nitrogen (N2) is less reactive at room temperature?

Why Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) dimerises to form Dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4)?

Why Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is coloured but Dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4) is colourless?

Hypophosphorous acid (H3PO2) and Phosphorous acid (H3PO3) act as as good reducing agents while H3PO4 does not.Why?

Reasoning Questions of Nitrogen family/15th /Pnictogens!

(1) What are "pyro" oxy acids?

(2) What are "Ortho" or "Meta" oxyacids?

(3) What is structure of (HPO3) metaphosphoric acid?

(4) Why Meta Phosphoric acid always exit in a polymeric form?

(5) What are the structural difference between oxides ( P4O6 and P4O10) of phosphorous?

(6) What are common structural features of oxides (P4O6 and P4O10) of phosphorous?

(7) What are the explanation of Different Bond length and Bond Angle In P4O6 and P4O10 :

(8) What is "calgon" ? Give structure and its uses?

(9) Structure of Oxy acids of Phosphorous:

(10) What is structure of (HPO3) metaphosphoric acid?

(11) What is metaphophoric (HPO3)? 

(12) Why polarity of Ammonia (NH3) is more than NF3 ?

(13) Why is nitrous oxide (N2O) used as an anaesthetic in dentistry?

(14) Which is more basic N(CH3)3 or N(SiH3)3 , explain?

(15) Trisilyl amine, N(SiH3)3 is planar whereas trimethyl amines N(CH3)3 is pyramidal. Explain why?.

(16) What are abnormal behaviour of Nitrogen atom as compared to other family members?

(17) What is product obtained when N2O5 is treated with NaCl?

(18) Phosphorus can form PCl5 but nitrogen can not form NCl5 why?

(19) Are all the five bonds of PCl5 equivalent? Justify your answer.

(20) Why PCl3 hydrolysed while NCl3 can not be hydrolysed? 

(21) Which of the following is/are not known? PCl3, AsCl3, SbCl3, NCl5, BiCl5

(22) Why bond angle of hydrides of group 15, decreases down the group?

(23) Why nitrogen shows catenation properties less than phosphorus?

(24) Why Nitrogen is fairly inert gas?

(25) Why Nitrogen (N2) is less reactive at room temperature?

(26) Where is liquid nitrogen used for?

(27) Why Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) dimerises to form Dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4)?

(28) Why Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is coloured but Dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4) is colourless?

(29) Which will have very fast tendency to dimerized ClO2 or NO and why?

(30) Why does H3PO3 acts as a reducing agent but H3PO4 does not?

(31) Hypophosphorous acid (H3PO2) and Phosphorous acid (H3PO3) act as as good reducing agents while H3PO4 does not.Why?

Are all the five bonds of PCl5 equivalent? Justify your answer.

PCl₅ has Sp³d hybridisation and trigonal bipiramidal geometry. PCl₅ has three equivalent equatorial and two equivalent axial P – Cl bonds. However, due to greater bond pair – bond pair repulsions, the axial P – Cl bonds are longer and hence different from the three equatorial bonds

Why "meta" phosphoric acid always exit in a polymeric form?

Meta phosphoric acids and their salts always exist in dimeric, trimeric, tetrameric or in polymeric linear as well as cyclic form, not in monomeric form due to the presence of weak (2p-3d- pi bond) bond the sodium salts of trimer and hexamer is very famous salts.

How to pridict cyclic structure given compound/oxy-acid:

If  in given compounds number of substituents are integral multiple of central atoms (except P₄O₆,P₄O₁₀,P₄S₃,P₄S₁₀,(CH₂)₆N₄,B₄Cl₄) the compounds  will be cyclic structure. And number of central atoms must be three (3) or more than three.  

For example (1) ; H₆P₄O₁₃   (4P+6OH+4O+3O(oxylinkage):

For example (2) ; H₃P₃O₉   (3P+3OH+3O+3O(oxylinkage):

For example (3) ; H₄P₄O₁₂   (4P+4OH+4O+4O(oxylinkage):

For example (4) ; H₆P₆O₁₈   (4P+6OH+6O+6O(oxylinkage):

Hexamer of meta phosphoric acid exist as sodium salt which is called sodium metaphophate or sodium polymetaphosphate and it is commercially  known as "CALGON" and use as water softener.

Related Questions:

What are "pyro" oxy acids?

What are "Ortho" or "Meta" oxyacids?

What is Meta Boric Acids?

What are the structural difference between oxides ( P4O6 and P4O10) of phosphorous?

What are common structural features of oxides (P4O6 and P4O5) of phosphorous?

What is "calgon" ? Give structure and its uses?

Structure of Oxy acids of Phosphorous:

What is structure of (HPO3) metaphosphoric acid?

What is metaphophoric (HPO3)?

What is structure of (HPO3) metaphosphoric acid?

 Meta Phosphoric acid exit as cyclic structure, the sodium salts of trimer and hexamer is very famous salts.

Cyclic trimer contains three P-O-P Oxy linkage or bond

 

Hexamer of meta phosphoric acid exist as sodium salt which is called  sodium metaphophate or sodium polymetaphosphate and it is commercially  known as "CALGON" and use as water softener.

Related Questions:

What are "pyro" oxy acids?

What are "Ortho" or "Meta" oxyacids?

What is Meta Boric Acids?

What are the structural difference between oxides ( P4O6 and P4O10) of phosphorous?

What are common structural features of oxides (P4O6 and P4O5) of phosphorous?

What is "calgon" ? Give structure and its uses?

Structure of Oxy acids of Phosphorous:

What are the explanation of Different Bond length and Bond Angle In P4O6 and P4O10 :

 (1) According to Bent Rule Loan Pair prefer to Stay to in those atomic orbital have more (S) character.

(2) In case of P₄O₆ molecules atomic orbital containing loan pair have more (S) character and less (P) character hence shorter bond length while remaining orbitals have less (S) character and more (P) character hence longer bond length (X₁) than (X₂) in P₄O_{10 .}

(3) We know that On increasing % s character in hybrid orbital, the bond length decreases while bond angle increases.

(3) In Case of P₄O₆   (O-P-O) bond is Smaller due to higher P character in atomic orbital than orbital containing (O-P-O) in P₄O₁₀. (have more S character )

For reading more Details about  click on  Bent Rule and Drago’s rule 

Related Questions:

Which is more basic N(CH3)3 or N(SiH3)3 , explain?

Are all the five bonds of PCl5 equivalent? Justify your answer.

Trisilyl amine, N(SiH3)3 is planar whereas trimethyl amines N(CH3)3 is pyramidal. Explain why?.

What are common structural features of oxides (P4O6 and P4O5) of phosphorous?

What are the structural difference between oxides ( P4O6 and P4O10) of phosphorous?

What are abnormal behaviour of Nitrogen atom as compared to other family members?

What is product obtained when N2O5 is treated with NaCl?

What is metaphophoric (HPO3)?

Phosphorus can form PCl5 but nitrogen can not form NCl5 why?

Why PCl3 hydrolysed while NCl3 can not be hydrolysed? 

Why bond angle of hydrides of group 15, decreases down the group?

What is "calgon" ? Give structure and its uses?

Why nitrogen shows catenation properties less than phosphorus?

Why Nitrogen is fairly inert gas?

Why Nitrogen (N2) is less reactive at room temperature?

Why Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) dimerises to form Dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4)?

Why Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is coloured but Dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4) is colourless?

Hypophosphorous acid (H3PO2) and Phosphorous acid (H3PO3) act as as good reducing agents while H3PO4 does not.Why?

Why polarity of Ammonia (NH3) is more than NF3 ?

 

Related Questions:

Although electron affinity of chlorine is higher than fluorine, yet fluorine act as better oxidizing agent than chlorine? Explain.

Why chlorine trifluoride (ClF3) exists but fluorine trichloride (FCl3) does not?

Why Chlorine (Cl2) bleaches a substance permanently but sulphuredioxide (SO2) does it temporarily?

What is the correct order of electronegativity of Cl atoms in HClO, HClO2, HClO3 and HClO4 ?

How does the thermal stability of oxy acids of chlorine increase with an increase in the oxidation state of chlorine atom ?

Which of the following is a strongest acid among oxy acids of chlorine and why? "HClO, HClO2, HClO3, HClO4"

Which will have very fast tendency to dimerized ClO2 or NO and why?

How does the thermal stability of oxyacids of chlorine increase with an increase in the oxidation state of chlorine atom ?

Which of the following is a strongest acid among oxy acids of chlorine and why? "HClO, HClO2, HClO3, HClO4"

How many maximum atoms of IF7 are present in the same plane ?

Number of lone pair present at central atom of I3- ion and also give hybridisation and shape of ion?

   

Why the elements of the second row (first short period) show a number of differences in properties from other members of their respective families?

The differences in the properties of the first member of a group from those of the other members are due to 

(i) the smaller size of atom. 

(ii) presence of one inner shell of two electrons and 

(iii) absence of d – orbitals.

Why is nitrous oxide (N2O) used as an anaesthetic in dentistry?

N2O is used as an anaesthetic in dentistry because of its inertness.

Where is liquid nitrogen used for?

Liquid nitrogen is used as a refrigerant to preserve biological specimen, and also used for providing low temperature in super conductivity.

Why does H3PO3 acts as a reducing agent but H3PO4 does not?

H3PO3 contains one P H bond and hence acts as a reducing agent but H3PO4 does.

Related Questions:

Which is more basic N(CH3)3 or N(SiH3)3 , explain?

Are all the five bonds of PCl5 equivalent? Justify your answer.

Trisilyl amine, N(SiH3)3 is planar whereas trimethyl amines N(CH3)3 is pyramidal. Explain why?.

What are common structural features of oxides (P4O6 and P4O5) of phosphorous?

What are the structural difference between oxides ( P4O6 and P4O10) of phosphorous?

What are abnormal behaviour of Nitrogen atom as compared to other family members?

What is product obtained when N2O5 is treated with NaCl?

What is metaphophoric (HPO3)?

Phosphorus can form PCl5 but nitrogen can not form NCl5 why?

Why PCl3 hydrolysed while NCl3 can not be hydrolysed? 

Why bond angle of hydrides of group 15, decreases down the group?

What is "calgon" ? Give structure and its uses?

Why nitrogen shows catenation properties less than phosphorus?

Why Nitrogen is fairly inert gas?

Why Nitrogen (N2) is less reactive at room temperature?

Why Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) dimerises to form Dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4)?

Why Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is coloured but Dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4) is colourless?

Hypophosphorous acid (H3PO2) and Phosphorous acid (H3PO3) act as as good reducing agents while H3PO4 does not.Why?

Which of the following is/are not known? PCl3, AsCl3, SbCl3, NCl5, BiCl5

(1) NCl₅ (due to absence of d-orbitals)

(2) BiCl₅ (Bi5+ being an oxidizing agent oxidizes Cl ion to Cl₂ and Cl^- ion being a reducing agent reduces Bi⁵⁺ to Bi^3+).

Related Questions:

(1) What are "pyro" oxy acids?

(2) What are "Ortho" or "Meta" oxyacids?

(3) What is structure of (HPO3) metaphosphoric acid?

(4) Why Meta Phosphoric acid always exit in a polymeric form?

(5) What are the structural difference between oxides ( P4O6 and P4O10) of phosphorous?

(6) What are common structural features of oxides (P4O6 and P4O10) of phosphorous?

(7) What are the explanation of Different Bond length and Bond Angle In P4O6 and P4O10 :

(8) What is "calgon" ? Give structure and its uses?

(9) Structure of Oxy acids of Phosphorous:

(10) What is structure of (HPO3) metaphosphoric acid?

(11) What is metaphophoric (HPO3)? 

(12) Why polarity of Ammonia (NH3) is more than NF3 ?

(13) Why is nitrous oxide (N2O) used as an anaesthetic in dentistry?

(14) Which is more basic N(CH3)3 or N(SiH3)3 , explain?

(15) Trisilyl amine, N(SiH3)3 is planar whereas trimethyl amines N(CH3)3 is pyramidal. Explain why?.

(16) What are abnormal behaviour of Nitrogen atom as compared to other family members?

(17) What is product obtained when N2O5 is treated with NaCl?

(18) Phosphorus can form PCl5 but nitrogen can not form NCl5 why?

(18) Are all the five bonds of PCl5 equivalent? Justify your answer.

(19) Why PCl3 hydrolysed while NCl3 can not be hydrolysed? 

(20) Which of the following is/are not known? PCl3, AsCl3, SbCl3, NCl5, BiCl5

(21) Why bond angle of hydrides of group 15, decreases down the group?

(22) Why nitrogen shows catenation properties less than phosphorus?

(23) Why Nitrogen is fairly inert gas?

(24) Why Nitrogen (N2) is less reactive at room temperature?

(25) Where is liquid nitrogen used for?

(26) Why Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) dimerises to form Dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4)?

(27) Why Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is coloured but Dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4) is colourless?

(28) Which will have very fast tendency to dimerized ClO2 or NO and why?

(30) Why does H3PO3 acts as a reducing agent but H3PO4 does not?

(31) Hypophosphorous acid (H3PO2) and Phosphorous acid (H3PO3) act as as good reducing agents while H3PO4 does not.Why?