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Showing posts with label OXIDES (ANHYDRIDES). Show all posts
Showing posts with label OXIDES (ANHYDRIDES). Show all posts

Sunday, May 8, 2022

Nature of Transition Metals Oxides:

The oxides of  transition metals will be acidic , basic or amphoteric  as camparative with its oxidation state. The follow following trends.

Trends (1): The higher oxidation state of the central metal atom , the more covalent character  and oxide will be more acidic in nature.

Trends (2): The Lower oxidation state of the central metal atom , the more ionic character and oxide will be more basic in nature.

Trends (3): The moderate oxidation of central metal atom oxide will be amphoteric in Nature .


       Oxidation State

Nature of Oxides

              +1 , +2 , +3

Basic ,Except Cr2O3

                        +4

Amphoteric e.g. MnO2

                +5, +6, +7

Acidic,V2O5,CrO3,MoO3,Mn2O7,OsO4


Example of oxides of (Mn):

Oxides

Oxidation state

Nature

MnO

+2

Basic

MnO2

+4

Amphoteric

Mn2O7

+7

Acidic


Example of oxides of (Cr):

Oxides

Oxidation state

Nature

CrO

+2

Basic

Cr2O3

+3

Amphoteric

CrO3

+6

Acidic



Related Questions:


Oxides:

Monday, April 25, 2022

What is the structure and structural characteristic of dichromate kon (Cr2O7)-2?

The whole molecule dichromate ion (Cr2O7)-2 is non planer and polar and oxygen atom of (Cr-O-Cr) oxy-linkage does not involve in delocalization due to maximum repulsion hence two Cr-O bond have equal length and bond order may be/equal to one while other six Cr=O bond have eqaual bond length.


In dichlorine heptaoxide (Cr2O7)-2 , two (CrO4 )-2 group connected with an oxygen atom which is sp3 hybridised (non planer) and bond angle may be expected 109⦁28’ but actually due to the presence of two lone pair on oxygen atom the Cr-O-Cr bond angle deviated from ideal and it may be greater (119⦁) than ideal bond angle.

What is the structure and structural characteristic of dichlorine heptaoxide (Cl2O7)-2?

Related Questions:

Saturday, April 17, 2021

Crystal lattice Structure of Oxides:


Related Questions:




Corundum (Al2O3) type Structure:

This type structure is exhibited by oxides of trivalent metals for examples Fe2O3, Al2O3, Cr2O3, Mn2O3 etc.

General formula is M2O3:

In Corundum  Structure:

O-2 = ions forms HCP unit cell:

M+3 = Occupied  2/3 (66.66%) of octahedral voids (OV): and 33.33% OV are empty and TVs are 100% empty.

In Hexagonal close packing (HCP): Formula determination:

O-2 = HCP = O6

M+3=2/3 x 6 = M4

=M4O6  or  M2O3


Related Questions:

What are the normal spinel structures?



Rutile (TiO2) type Structure:

This type of structure is represented by TiO2 and other example are includes MnO2 , SnO2 , MgF2, NiFetc 

In Rutile structure:

O-2  = ions forms hexagonal cubic packing (HCP).

M+4 =Tetravalent cations are occupied 50 % (1/2) of octahedral voids (OV) while all the tetrahedral voids (TO) are empty.

HCP= Lattice points (LP) = O-2= 6

M+4 ions = OV (50%) =6 x 1/2 = 3

M3O6 = MO2

It means each HCP unit cell certain three (M+4 ) and  six (O-2 )ions


Related Questions:

What are the normal spinel structures?




Pervoskite (ABO3) type structure:

ABQ3 is a proto type solid where A is a divalent cation  and B is a tetravalent cation.

A+2 = Divalent cations

B+4 =Tetravalent cations

In Pervoskite structure:

A+2 = placed at corner of cubic unit cell

O-2 = placed at all the face centre

That means A+2 and O-2 ions combinelly form CCP/FCC like structure  and

B+4 = Tetravalent cations occupy the central octahedral voids (25% of total OV) i.e centre of the centre of the unit cell so general formula is ABO3

Other examples are BaTiO3, SrTiO3

Related Questions:

What are the normal spinel structures?






Sunday, January 17, 2021

Oxides of Halogens;

Halogens and oxygen they do not combine directly with oxygen due to high electron affinity of both halogens and oxygen but their oxides with oxygen can be prepared indirectly.

The compounds of oxygen with fluorine are called as fluorides (not a oxide) because fluorine is more electronegative than oxygen. Most of these compounds are endothermic and unstable and are likely to explode resulting in the formation of more stable products.

The compounds of chlorine ,bromine and Iodine with oxygen are called oxide because electronegtivity of oxygen is greater than these. And the common oxides of halogens are X2O, X2O3, X2O5, and X3O7 (common oxidation state of 17th group) and uncommon oxides are ClO2 (+4) and ClO3/Cl2O6 etc.

 

Flourine

O.S.

Chlorine

Bromine

Iodine

OF2 &O2F2

(+1) /X2O

Cl2O

Br2O

 

 

(+3)/X2O3

 

 

 

 

(+4)

ClO2/Cl2O4

BrO2

I2O4

 

(+5)/X2O5

 

 

I2O5

 

(+6)

ClO3/Cl2O6

BrO3

 

 

(+7)/X2O7

Cl2O7

 

 

 

All the oxides are powerful oxidizing agents and decompose explosively when they are given mechanical shock or heat.

Structure of  chlorine oxides:

Structure of dichlorine heptaoxide:                   

Avarage oxidation state of Chlorine in Cl2O7 is one of the common oxidation state of the chlorine so there is (Cl-O-Cl) Oxy-linkage will be present. And one of oxygen atom is shared by both of chlorine atoms and rest of the oxygen atoms equally distributed.

The whole molecule dichlorine heptaoxide (Cl2O7) is non planer and polar and oxygen atom of (Cl-O-Cl) oxy-linkage does not involve in delocalization due to maximum repulsion hence two Cl-O bond have equal length and bond order may be/equal to one while other six Cl=O bond have eqaual bond length

In dichlorine heptaoxide (Cl2O7) , two ClO4 group connected with an oxygen atom which is sp3 hybridised (non planer) and bond angle may be expected 109⦁28’ but actually due to the presence of two lone pair on oxygen atom the Cl-O-Cl bond angle deviated from ideal and it may be greater (119⦁) than ideal bond angle.

Question (1): Number of sigma  and pi bonds present in Cl2O7 is/ are ....?

Number of sigma and pi bond present in Cl2O7 are (8) and (6) repectively.

Question(2):What is the anhydride of  HClO4 ?

Cl2​O7​ is the anhydride of  HClO4

Question (3):Number of equivalent Cl-O bond in Cl2O7 is/are….

Number of equivalent Cl-O bond in Cl2O7 are (2) two.

 

Question(4):Number of equivalent Cl=O bond in Cl2O7 is/are….

Number of equivalent Cl=O bond in Cl2O7 are (6) six.

Related Questions:




Trisilyl amine, N(SiH3)3 is planar whereas trimethyl amines N(CH3)3 is pyramidal. Explain why?.