Nature of Transition Metals Oxides:

The oxides of  transition metals will be acidic , basic or amphoteric  as camparative with its oxidation state. The follow following trends.

Trends (1): The higher oxidation state of the central metal atom , the more covalent character  and oxide will be more acidic in nature.

Trends (2): The Lower oxidation state of the central metal atom , the more ionic character and oxide will be more basic in nature.

Trends (3): The moderate oxidation of central metal atom oxide will be amphoteric in Nature .

Oxidation State	Nature of Oxides
+1 , +2 , +3	Basic ,Except Cr2O3
+4	Amphoteric e.g. MnO2
+5, +6, +7	Acidic,V2O5,CrO3,MoO3,Mn2O7,OsO4

Example of oxides of (Mn):

Oxides	Oxidation state	Nature
MnO	+2	Basic
MnO2	+4	Amphoteric
Mn2O7	+7	Acidic

Example of oxides of (Cr):

Oxides	Oxidation state	Nature
CrO	+2	Basic
Cr2O3	+3	Amphoteric
CrO3	+6	Acidic

Related Questions:

(1) What is the structure and structural characteristic of dichromate kon (Cr2O7)-2?

(2) What is the structure and structural characteristic of dichlorine heptaoxide (Cl2O7)-2?

Oxides:

(1) Normal Oxides:

(2) Sesqui Oxides:

(3) Mixed Oxides:

(4) Peroxides:

(5) Super Oxides:

(6) Suboxides:

(7) Perovskites:

(8) Spinel Oxides:

(9) Cage like Oxide:

Others oxides

(1) Crystal lattice Structure of Oxides:

(2) Corundum (Al2O3) type Structure:

(3) What are the normal spinel structures?

(4) What are the inverse spinel structures?

(5) Rutile (TiO2) type Structure:

(6) Pervoskite (ABO3) type structure:

What is the structure and structural characteristic of dichromate kon (Cr2O7)-2?

The whole molecule dichromate ion (Cr₂O₇)-2 is non planer and polar and oxygen atom of (Cr-O-Cr) oxy-linkage does not involve in delocalization due to maximum repulsion hence two Cr-O bond have equal length and bond order may be/equal to one while other six Cr=O bond have eqaual bond length.

In dichlorine heptaoxide (Cr₂O₇)-2 , two (CrO₄ )-2 group connected with an oxygen atom which is sp3 hybridised (non planer) and bond angle may be expected 109⦁28’ but actually due to the presence of two lone pair on oxygen atom the Cr-O-Cr bond angle deviated from ideal and it may be greater (119⦁) than ideal bond angle.

What is the structure and structural characteristic of dichlorine heptaoxide (Cl2O7)-2?

Related Questions:

Classification of oxides on basis of oxygen content:

(1) Normal Oxides:

(2) Sesqui Oxides:

(3) Mixed Oxides:

(4) Peroxides:

(5) Super Oxides:

(6) Suboxides:

(7) Perovskites:

(8) Spinel Oxides:

(9) Cage like Oxide:

Others oxides

(1) Crystal lattice Structure of Oxides:

(2) Corundum (Al2O3) type Structure:

(3) What are the normal spinel structures?

(4) What are the inverse spinel structures?

(5) Rutile (TiO2) type Structure:

(6) Pervoskite (ABO3) type structure:

Crystal lattice Structure of Oxides:

• (1) Spinel Structure: 
• (2) Corundum (Al2O3) type Structure:
• (3) Rutile (TiO2) type Structure:
• (4) Pervoskite (ABO3) type structure:

Related Questions:

What are different stacking pattern of atoms in simple cubic cell (SCC) , body cubic cell (BCC) and face centred cell (FCC) unit lattice cell ?

What is the effect of temperature and pressure on crystal structure of Caesium Chloride?

What is the number of atoms on one unit cell of HCP?

If the total number of atoms per unit cell in an hcp structure and a bcc structure gets halved, then ratio of percentage voids in hcp and bcc structures is

If silver iodide crystallizes in a zinc blende structure with I- ions forming the lattice then calculate fraction of the tetrahedral voids occupied by Ag+ ions.

Sodium metal crystallizes In body centered cubic lattice with the cell edge, a= 4.29 A.What is the radius of sodium atom? (III-.JEE 1994)

A metal crystallizes into two cubic phases, face centered cubic (fcc) and body centered cubic (bcc), whose unit cell lengths are 3.5 A° and 3.0 A°, rcspcctively. Calculate the ratio of densities of fcc and bcc. (IIT-JEE 1999)

A metallic element crystallizes into a lattice containing a sequence of layers ABABAB....Any packing of spheres leaves out voids in the lattice. What percentage by volume of this lattice is empty space? ( IIT-.IEF 2006)

The coordination number of Al in the crystalline state of AlCl3 is .... (IIT-JEE 2009)

The number of hexagonal faces that are present in truncated octahedron is .... (IIT-JEE 2011)

What are structural information of Dimomd ?

What are coordination number (nearest neighbour) in a BCC at distance of (a√3/2) and next nearest neighbour at distance (a) and next to next nearest neighbour at distance (a√2) ?.

What are coordination number (nearest neighbour) in a SCC at distance of it lattice parameter (a) and next nearest neighbour at distance (a√2) and next to next nearest neighbour at distance (a√3) ?.

How to calculate radius ratio of square Voids?

How to calculate radius ratio triangular voids?

How to calculate packing fraction or packing efficiency of two dimensional (2D) hexagonal packing solid atoms?

Corundum (Al2O3) type Structure:

This type structure is exhibited by oxides of trivalent metals for examples Fe₂O₃, Al₂O₃, Cr₂O₃, Mn₂O₃ etc.

General formula is M₂O₃:

In Corundum  Structure:

O^-2 = ions forms HCP unit cell:

M⁺³ = Occupied  2/3 (66.66%) of octahedral voids (OV): and 33.33% OV are empty and TVs are 100% empty.

In Hexagonal close packing (HCP): Formula determination:

O^-2 = HCP = O₆

M⁺³=2/3 x 6 = M₄

=M₄O₆  or  M₂O₃

Related Questions:

What are the normal spinel structures?

What are the inverse spinel structures?

What are different stacking pattern of atoms in simple cubic cell (SCC) , body cubic cell (BCC) and face centred cell (FCC) unit lattice cell ?

What is the effect of temperature and pressure on crystal structure of Caesium Chloride?

What is the number of atoms on one unit cell of HCP?

If the total number of atoms per unit cell in an hcp structure and a bcc structure gets halved, then ratio of percentage voids in hcp and bcc structures is

If silver iodide crystallizes in a zinc blende structure with I- ions forming the lattice then calculate fraction of the tetrahedral voids occupied by Ag+ ions.

Sodium metal crystallizes In body centered cubic lattice with the cell edge, a= 4.29 A.What is the radius of sodium atom? (III-.JEE 1994)

A metal crystallizes into two cubic phases, face centered cubic (fcc) and body centered cubic (bcc), whose unit cell lengths are 3.5 A° and 3.0 A°, rcspcctively. Calculate the ratio of densities of fcc and bcc. (IIT-JEE 1999)

A metallic element crystallizes into a lattice containing a sequence of layers ABABAB....Any packing of spheres leaves out voids in the lattice. What percentage by volume of this lattice is empty space? ( IIT-.IEF 2006)

The coordination number of Al in the crystalline state of AlCl3 is .... (IIT-JEE 2009)

The number of hexagonal faces that are present in truncated octahedron is .... (IIT-JEE 2011)

What are structural information of Dimomd ?

What are coordination number (nearest neighbour) in a BCC at distance of (a√3/2) and next nearest neighbour at distance (a) and next to next nearest neighbour at distance (a√2) ?.

What are coordination number (nearest neighbour) in a SCC at distance of it lattice parameter (a) and next nearest neighbour at distance (a√2) and next to next nearest neighbour at distance (a√3) ?.

Rutile (TiO2) type Structure:

This type of structure is represented by TiO₂ and other example are includes MnO₂ , SnO₂ , MgF₂, NiF₂ etc 

In Rutile structure:

O^-2  = ions forms hexagonal cubic packing (HCP).

M⁺⁴ =Tetravalent cations are occupied 50 % (1/2) of octahedral voids (OV) while all the tetrahedral voids (TO) are empty.

HCP= Lattice points (LP) = O^-2= 6

M⁺⁴ ions = OV (50%) =6 x 1/2 = 3

M₃O₆ = MO₂

It means each HCP unit cell certain three (M⁺⁴ ) and  six (O^-2 )ions

Related Questions:

What are the normal spinel structures?

What are the inverse spinel structures?

What are different stacking pattern of atoms in simple cubic cell (SCC) , body cubic cell (BCC) and face centred cell (FCC) unit lattice cell ?

What is the effect of temperature and pressure on crystal structure of Caesium Chloride?

What is the number of atoms on one unit cell of HCP?

If the total number of atoms per unit cell in an hcp structure and a bcc structure gets halved, then ratio of percentage voids in hcp and bcc structures is

If silver iodide crystallizes in a zinc blende structure with I- ions forming the lattice then calculate fraction of the tetrahedral voids occupied by Ag+ ions.

Sodium metal crystallizes In body centered cubic lattice with the cell edge, a= 4.29 A.What is the radius of sodium atom? (III-.JEE 1994)

A metal crystallizes into two cubic phases, face centered cubic (fcc) and body centered cubic (bcc), whose unit cell lengths are 3.5 A° and 3.0 A°, rcspcctively. Calculate the ratio of densities of fcc and bcc. (IIT-JEE 1999)

A metallic element crystallizes into a lattice containing a sequence of layers ABABAB....Any packing of spheres leaves out voids in the lattice. What percentage by volume of this lattice is empty space? ( IIT-.IEF 2006)

The coordination number of Al in the crystalline state of AlCl3 is .... (IIT-JEE 2009)

The number of hexagonal faces that are present in truncated octahedron is .... (IIT-JEE 2011)

What are structural information of Dimomd ?

What are coordination number (nearest neighbour) in a BCC at distance of (a√3/2) and next nearest neighbour at distance (a) and next to next nearest neighbour at distance (a√2) ?.

What are coordination number (nearest neighbour) in a SCC at distance of it lattice parameter (a) and next nearest neighbour at distance (a√2) and next to next nearest neighbour at distance (a√3) ?.

Pervoskite (ABO3) type structure:

ABQ₃ is a proto type solid where A is a divalent cation  and B is a tetravalent cation.

A⁺² = Divalent cations

B⁺⁴ =Tetravalent cations

In Pervoskite structure:

A⁺² = placed at corner of cubic unit cell

O^-2 = placed at all the face centre

That means A⁺² and O^-2 ions combinelly form CCP/FCC like structure  and

B⁺⁴ = Tetravalent cations occupy the central octahedral voids (25% of total OV) i.e centre of the centre of the unit cell so general formula is ABO₃

Other examples are BaTiO₃, SrTiO₃

Related Questions:

What are the normal spinel structures?

What are the inverse spinel structures?

What are different stacking pattern of atoms in simple cubic cell (SCC) , body cubic cell (BCC) and face centred cell (FCC) unit lattice cell ?

What is the effect of temperature and pressure on crystal structure of Caesium Chloride?

What is the number of atoms on one unit cell of HCP?

If the total number of atoms per unit cell in an hcp structure and a bcc structure gets halved, then ratio of percentage voids in hcp and bcc structures is

If silver iodide crystallizes in a zinc blende structure with I- ions forming the lattice then calculate fraction of the tetrahedral voids occupied by Ag+ ions.

Sodium metal crystallizes In body centered cubic lattice with the cell edge, a= 4.29 A.What is the radius of sodium atom? (III-.JEE 1994)

A metal crystallizes into two cubic phases, face centered cubic (fcc) and body centered cubic (bcc), whose unit cell lengths are 3.5 A° and 3.0 A°, rcspcctively. Calculate the ratio of densities of fcc and bcc. (IIT-JEE 1999)

A metallic element crystallizes into a lattice containing a sequence of layers ABABAB....Any packing of spheres leaves out voids in the lattice. What percentage by volume of this lattice is empty space? ( IIT-.IEF 2006)

The coordination number of Al in the crystalline state of AlCl3 is .... (IIT-JEE 2009)

The number of hexagonal faces that are present in truncated octahedron is .... (IIT-JEE 2011)

What are structural information of Dimomd ?

What are coordination number (nearest neighbour) in a BCC at distance of (a√3/2) and next nearest neighbour at distance (a) and next to next nearest neighbour at distance (a√2) ?.

What are coordination number (nearest neighbour) in a SCC at distance of it lattice parameter (a) and next nearest neighbour at distance (a√2) and next to next nearest neighbour at distance (a√3) ?.

How to calculate radius ratio of square Voids?

How to calculate radius ratio triangular voids?

How to calculate packing fraction or packing efficiency of two dimensional (2D) hexagonal packing solid atoms?

Oxides of Halogens;

Halogens and oxygen they do not combine directly with oxygen due to high electron affinity of both halogens and oxygen but their oxides with oxygen can be prepared indirectly.

The compounds of oxygen with fluorine are called as fluorides (not a oxide) because fluorine is more electronegative than oxygen. Most of these compounds are endothermic and unstable and are likely to explode resulting in the formation of more stable products.

The compounds of chlorine ,bromine and Iodine with oxygen are called oxide because electronegtivity of oxygen is greater than these. And the common oxides of halogens are X₂O, X₂O₃, X₂O₅, and X₃O₇ (common oxidation state of 17^th group) and uncommon oxides are ClO₂ (+4) and ClO₃/Cl₂O₆ etc.

 

Flourine	O.S.	Chlorine	Bromine	Iodine
OF2 &O2F2	(+1) /X2O	Cl2O	Br2O
	(+3)/X2O3
	(+4)	ClO2/Cl2O4	BrO2	I2O4
	(+5)/X2O5			I2O5
	(+6)	ClO3/Cl2O6	BrO3
	(+7)/X2O7	Cl2O7

 

All the oxides are powerful oxidizing agents and decompose explosively when they are given mechanical shock or heat.

Structure of  chlorine oxides:

Structure of dichlorine heptaoxide:                   

Avarage oxidation state of Chlorine in Cl₂O₇ is one of the common oxidation state of the chlorine so there is (Cl-O-Cl) Oxy-linkage will be present. And one of oxygen atom is shared by both of chlorine atoms and rest of the oxygen atoms equally distributed.

The whole molecule dichlorine heptaoxide (Cl₂O₇) is non planer and polar and oxygen atom of (Cl-O-Cl) oxy-linkage does not involve in delocalization due to maximum repulsion hence two Cl-O bond have equal length and bond order may be/equal to one while other six Cl=O bond have eqaual bond length

In dichlorine heptaoxide (Cl₂O₇) , two ClO₄ group connected with an oxygen atom which is sp3 hybridised (non planer) and bond angle may be expected 109⦁28’ but actually due to the presence of two lone pair on oxygen atom the Cl-O-Cl bond angle deviated from ideal and it may be greater (119⦁) than ideal bond angle.

Question (1): Number of sigma  and pi bonds present in Cl₂O₇ is/ are ....?

Number of sigma and pi bond present in Cl₂O₇ are (8) and (6) repectively.

Question(2):What is the anhydride of  HClO4 ?

Cl2​O7​ is the anhydride of  HClO4

Question (3):Number of equivalent Cl-O bond in Cl₂O₇ is/are….

Number of equivalent Cl-O bond in Cl₂O₇ are (2) two.

 

Question(4):Number of equivalent Cl=O bond in Cl₂O₇ is/are….

Number of equivalent Cl=O bond in Cl₂O₇ are (6) six.

Related Questions:

Which is more basic N(CH3)3 or N(SiH3)3 , explain?

Are all the five bonds of PCl5 equivalent? Justify your answer.

Trisilyl amine, N(SiH3)3 is planar whereas trimethyl amines N(CH3)3 is pyramidal. Explain why?.

What are common structural features of oxides (P4O6 and P4O5) of phosphorous?

What are the structural difference between oxides ( P4O6 and P4O10) of phosphorous?

What are abnormal behaviour of Nitrogen atom as compared to other family members?

What is product obtained when N2O5 is treated with NaCl?

What is metaphophoric (HPO3)?

Phosphorus can form PCl5 but nitrogen can not form NCl5 why?

Why PCl3 hydrolysed while NCl3 can not be hydrolysed? 

Why bond angle of hydrides of group 15, decreases down the group?

What is "calgon" ? Give structure and its uses?

Why nitrogen shows catenation properties less than phosphorus?

Why Nitrogen is fairly inert gas?

Why Nitrogen (N2) is less reactive at room temperature?

Why Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) dimerises to form Dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4)?

Why Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is coloured but Dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4) is colourless?

Hypophosphorous acid (H3PO2) and Phosphorous acid (H3PO3) act as as good reducing agents while H3PO4 does not.Why?