Energy
that is transmitted from one system to another in such a way that difference of
temperature is not directly involved. This definition is consistent with our
understanding of work as dw= Fdx. The force (F) can arise from electrical, magnetic,
gravitational & other sources. It is a path function.
(1) Work done in Isothermal Irreversible Process:
(2) Work done in Isothermal Reversible Process:
(3) Work done in Adiabatic Irreversible Process:
(4) Work done in Adiabatic Reversible Process:
PV-Work analysis: Consider a cylinder fitted with a friction less piston, which enclosed no more of an
ideal gas. Let an external force F pushes the piston inside producing displacement in piston.
Let
distance of piston from a fixed point is x and distance of bottom of piston at
the same fixed point is
l. This
means the volume of cylinder = (l – x) A where A is area of cross section of
piston.
For a small displacement dx due to force F, work done on
the system.
dw = F.dx
Also F = PA
dW = PA.dx
V = (l – x)A
dV
= –A . dx
dW = –Pext. dV
Note :
(1): Litre atmosphere term is unit of energy. It is useful to remember the conversion:
1 litre atm= 101.3 Joules = 24.206 Cal.
(2): During expansion dV is positive and
hence sign of w is negative since work is done by the system and negative sign representing
decease in energy content of system. During compression, the sign of dV is negative
which gives positive value of w
representing the increase in energy content of system during compression.
EXAMPLE.1 mole of ideal monatomic gas at 27°C expands adiabatically against a constant external
pressure of 1.5 atm from a volume of 4dm3 to 16 dm3. Calculate
(i) q (ii) w and (iii) DU
SOLUTION: (i)
Since process is adiabatic \ q = 0
(ii) As
the gas expands against the constant external pressure.
W = - PVd=-P(V2-V1)
W =-1.5(16-4)
W= - 18 dm3
(iii) DU = q + w = 0 + (-18) = -18 atm dm3
(1) Work done in Isothermal Irreversible Process:
(2) Work done in Isothermal Reversible Process:
(3) Work done in Adiabatic Irreversible Process:
(4) Work done in Adiabatic Reversible Process:
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