Welcome to Chem Zipper.com......

Search This Blog

Friday, October 16, 2020

What is "COORDINATE BOND" ?

A co-ordinate bond formed between two species by sharing of an electron pair where shared pair electron is given by one but shared by both.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE (1):
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE (1):
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE (1):
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE (1):
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE (1):

CONCLUSIONS:
(1)
  Atoms of second period elements follow octed rule in doing so either they accept co-ordinate bond or they form co-ordinate bond.  However atoms of 3rd period elements perfectly form double bond (pi bond) in the place of co-ordinate bond if direction of co-ordinate bond is from centre to substituent.
(2) If maximum covalency rule applied and pi bonds have formed then back bond is not considered in species
For example H2SO4 and HClO4  have no back bond there is double bond. 


What is synergic bonding 

Related Questions:


Why all the tetrahedral Complexes are high spin Complexes?

Why Fe(CO)5 is colourless while Fe(bipy)(CO)3 is intensely purple in colour ?

Why [Mn(H2O)6]+2 is colourless although in which Mn+2 ion had five unpaired electrons ?

Why [FeF6]3– is colourless whereas [CoF6]3– is coloured

Why [Ni(CN)4]-2 is colourless while [Ni(H2O)4]-2 is colour although both have +2 oxidation state and 3d8 configuration ?



Classification of oxides on basis of oxygen content:

(1) Normal Oxides:

(2) Sesqui Oxides:

(3) Mixed Oxides:

(4) Peroxides:

(5) Super Oxides:

(6) Suboxides:

(7) Perovskites:

(8) Spinel Oxides:

(9) Cage like Oxide:

(1) Normal oxides:

The Oxides in which oxidation state of central atom is found to be one of the it's common oxidation state. The are also called acid anhydride because on dissolving them  into water oxygen acid is formed in which oxidation state of central atom is found to be same as present in Oxide.

examples:  B2O3, CO2, N2O3, N2O5, SO2, SO3, Cl2O7, XeO3, XeO4 etc.

(2) Sesqui oxides:

The oxides in which number of oxygen atoms pet central atoms is found to be 3/2 .And it may be ionic, covalent or missed oxides.Mostly M2O3 type Oxides (Corundum structure) are sesqui Oxides.  Where M+2= Al, Ga, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, The etc.

Examples , B2O3, N2O3, Al2O3 ( covalent oxide) Fe2O3 (ionic oxide) Pb2O3 (mixed oxide)
(3) Mixed Oxides:

The oxides in which oxidation state of oxygen atom is found to be it's uncommon oxidation state on central atom. Mixed oxides on dissolving in water undergo "disproportionation" 

For examples B2O3, ClO2, Cl2O7 etc.
(4) Peroxides:

The oxides in which  calculated oxidation state of central atom is more than maximum oxidation state of central atom due to the presence of peroxide linkage.

For examples, H2O2, Na2O2, BaO2, PbO2, CrO5 etc.
(5) Super Oxides:

The oxides in which oxidati state of oxygen atom always -1/2, and super oxides are always ionic and paramagnetic.

For examples KO2 , PbO2, (NH4)O2 etc.

KO2 => k+[O-O]-. Have following character

Bond pair -2

Lone pair -2

Hybri- sp2, linear non planner and bond angle not applicable.

(6) Suboxides:

The oxides contains more oxygen atoms as compare to central atoms and according to valency requirements of central atoms number of oxygen atoms are not sufficient.

For examples B2O3, C3O2, C12O9, Pb3O, Rb9O2, Cs11O3 etc. 

(7) Perovskite oxides:

ABO3 type Oxides are also called Perovskite for examples CaTiO3  And BaTiO3.

(8) Spinel Oxide:

(7) Case Oxides:

 P4, P4O4, P4O10, P4S3, P4S10, N4(CH2)6

Structure of P4O6 and P4O10

Is F2 bond is stronger than Br2 ?

Yes F2 bond is stronger than Br2.we know that bond strength of bond depend inversely proportional bond length, hence atomic size of fluorine is smaller than bromine so that F-F bond is smaller than Br-Br bond.

Related Questions:

Which is best known pseudohalide ?

Iodine forms I3- but F2 does not form F3- ions. Why?

Number of lone pair present at central atom of I3- ion and also give hybridisation and shape of ion?

How many maximum atoms of IF7 are present in the same plane ?

What are the Pseudohalogens or halogenoids?

What are Pseudohalides ? and What is similarity with halides?






Sunday, October 11, 2020

How to calculate % free SO3 in given Oleum sample ?

CALCULATIONS OF FREE SO3 IN (X%) OLEUM SAMPLE :
Given - X %  labelled 100 gm Oleum,it means  (X-100) gm water required to destroyed all free SO3present in 100 gm Oleum.
                                               
WH2O= (X-100) gm
BY STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATION:
Weight of SO= nSO3 X Molecular wt SO3

Weight of H2SO= nH2SO4 X Molecular wt of H2SO4
 
thus % (Free) SOpresent in 100 gm 109% labelled Oleum Sample is

What is the maximum % labelling of Oleum sample ?

For maximum possible labbelling amount of SO3 is 100 gm, It means 100 gm Oleum sample contains 100 gm SO3 only and zero( 0 )gm H2SO4 ,hence maximum labbelling possible is 122.5 %.